📌 基本用法
- this(这个) / these(这些):指较近的人或物(空间或心理上的“近”)。
- that(那个) / those(那些):指较远的人或物(空间或心理上的“远”)。
- 单复数:
- this / that:单数。
- these / those:复数。
注意:这里的“近”和“远”不一定指物理距离,也可以是上下文中的逻辑距离(比如刚提到的内容用 this,之前提到的用 that)。
简单例子:
- This book on my desk is mine. (桌子上的这本书是我的,近处)
- That book on the shelf is yours. (架子上的那本书是你的,远处)
- These apples are fresh. (这些苹果很新鲜,近处复数)
- Those apples fell yesterday. (那些苹果昨天掉了,远处复数)
🎯 用法进阶(结合真题分析)
1️⃣ 表示空间距离(基础用法)
- 真题背景(2015年阅读):
In loco parentis (代替父母) meant that male and female college students usually had to live in separate buildings. Women had to be back at their dorms by ten or eleven on school nights. But in the 1960s, students began to protest rules and restrictions like these.- 分析:
- these 指“rules and restrictions”(规则和限制),这里是复数,且逻辑上“近”,因为刚提到。
- 如果换成 those,会显得更“远”,像是之前很久提到的内容,但这里上下文紧凑,用 these 更自然。
- 分析:
2️⃣ 代替前面提到过的内容(避免重复)
-
用法:this 和 that 可以代替短语、从句或整个句子,these 和 those 则代替复数名词或多个事项。
-
例子:
- It was raining hard, and this kept us indoors.
- this 代替“It was raining hard”这个情况,避免重复。
- It was raining hard, which kept us indoors.
- which 也能代替,但 this 更口语化,直接指代前面整句话。
- This climate is like that of Korea.
- that 代替“the climate”(气候),指前面提到的单数名词。
- It was raining hard, and this kept us indoors.
-
真题应用:
- 如果改写真题句子:Students began to protest rules like those.
- those 代替“rules and restrictions”,复数,且语气稍显疏远,效果类似 these,但 these 更贴近上下文。
- 如果改写真题句子:Students began to protest rules like those.
3️⃣ that / those 代替名词(避免重复)
- 用法:直接替换前面提到的名词,后面常跟修饰语补充说明。
- 例子:
- The climate here is like that of Korea.
- that = “the climate”,避免重复“climate”。
- The rules today are stricter than those in the past.
- those = “the rules”,复数替代。
- The climate here is like that of Korea.
🔍 真题中的难点解析
- 句子:But in the 1960s, students began to protest rules and restrictions like these.
- 为什么用 these 而不是 those?
- these 表示“刚刚提到的这些规则”,语气亲近,符合上下文逻辑。
- 如果用 those,会显得这些规则是“之前很久提到的”或“疏远的”,不够贴切。
- “like these” 的作用:
- 表示“类似这样的规则”,是个类比,强调学生抗议的对象是前面描述的那类限制。
- 为什么用 these 而不是 those?
💡 总结:怎么用好指示代词?
- 判断距离:
- 刚说完的用 this / these(近)。
- 之前提过的用 that / those(远)。
- 单复数:
- 单数用 this / that,复数用 these / those。
- 避免重复:
- 用 this / that 代替句子或短语。
- 用 that / those 代替名词,加修饰语更清晰。
🌟 习题
🌟 习题:this / that 代替句子或短语
说明
- this 和 that 可以代替前面提到的短语或整个句子,避免重复。
- this 通常指“刚提到的”(逻辑上近),that 指“之前提到的”(逻辑上稍远)。
练习题
-
She missed the bus, and ___ made her late for school.
- A. this
- B. that
- C. these
- D. those
- 答案:A
- 解析:this 代替“She missed the bus”这个刚提到的情况,表示“这个(错过公交)导致她迟到”。
-
He didn’t study for the exam. ___ explains why he failed.
- A. this
- B. that
- C. these
- D. those
- 答案:B
- 解析:that 代替“He didn’t study for the exam”,语气稍疏远,表示“那个(没学习)解释了他为什么失败”。
-
The team won the match, and ___ surprised everyone.
- A. this
- B. that
- C. these
- D. those
- 答案:A
- 解析:this 代替“The team won the match”,紧接上下文,表示“这个(胜利)让大家惊讶”。
-
It rained all day yesterday, but I didn’t mind ___ too much.
- A. this
- B. that
- C. these
- D. those
- 答案:B
- 解析:that 代替“It rained all day yesterday”,表示“那个(下雨)我不太介意”,稍有距离感。
🌟 习题:that / those 代替名词,加修饰语更清晰
说明
- that 代替前面提到的单数名词,those 代替复数名词,通常后接修饰语补充说明,避免重复。
练习题
-
The climate here is similar to ___ in Japan.
- A. this
- B. that
- C. these
- D. those
- 答案:B
- 解析:that 代替“the climate”,后接“in Japan”修饰,表示“这里的天气和日本的那个相似”。
-
The rules in this school are stricter than ___ in my old school.
- A. this
- B. that
- C. these
- D. those
- 答案:D
- 解析:those 代替复数名词“the rules”,后接“in my old school”修饰,表示“这里的规则比我老学校的那些更严格”。
-
The book on the table is more interesting than ___ on the shelf.
- A. this
- B. that
- C. these
- D. those
- 答案:B
- 解析:that 代替单数名词“the book”,后接“on the shelf”修饰,表示“桌上的书比架子上的那个更有趣”。
-
The chairs in this room are more comfortable than ___ in the hall.
- A. this
- B. that
- C. these
- D. those
- 答案:D
- 解析:those 代替复数名词“the chairs”,后接“in the hall”修饰,表示“这房间的椅子比大厅的那些更舒服”。
🌟 综合练习(混合应用)
-
She forgot her lines during the play, and ___ embarrassed her a lot.
- A. this
- B. that
- C. these
- D. those
- 答案:A
- 解析:this 代替“She forgot her lines during the play”,表示“这个(忘词)让她很尴尬”,逻辑上近。
-
The habits of the young generation are different from ___ of the older one.
- A. this
- B. that
- C. these
- D. those
- 答案:D
- 解析:those 代替复数名词“the habits”,后接“of the older one”修饰,表示“年轻一代的习惯和老一代的那些不同”。
-
He lost his wallet yesterday, but ___ didn’t bother him much.
- A. this
- B. that
- C. these
- D. those
- 答案:B
- 解析:that 代替“He lost his wallet yesterday”,表示“那个(丢钱包)没怎么困扰他”,稍有距离感。
-
The price of this phone is higher than ___ of that one.
- A. this
- B. that
- C. these
- D. those
- 答案:B
- 解析:that 代替单数名词“the price”,后接“of that one”修饰,表示“这手机的价格比那个的高”。
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