🎓 （一）句子成分：主谓宾 定状补
1. 主语
- 定义：句子说明的人或事物。
- 构成：名词、代词、动名词、不定式、从句。
- 例子：
- Some towns, cities, regions and countries seem to have better education than others. （名词）
- It is important to keep calm and carry on while working under pressure. （代词）
2. 谓语
- 定义：说明主语的动作、状态或特征。
- 构成：只能由动词构成。
- 例子：
- Spending time with other children and sharing experiences can make children more sociable. （助动词+动词）
3. 宾语
- 定义：动作行为的对象。
- 构成：名词、代词、动名词、不定式、从句。
- 例子：
- Some adults use a computer for other purposes, such as getting information or emailing friends. （名词）
- The main concern is the type of computer activities that attract children. （从句）
4. 定语
- 定义：修饰名词的成分。
- 构成：形容词、定语从句。
- 例子：
- Employees need to feel that they are doing valuable work. （形容词）
- There is somebody here who wants to talk to you. （定语从句）
5. 状语
- 定义：修饰动词、形容词或全句。
- 构成：副词、介词短语、分词短语、不定式。
- 例子：
- The majority of stars do not hold their top positions long. （副词）
- They are generally more confident than children who stay at home with their parents. （从句）
6. 补语
- 定义：补充说明宾语或主语的状态，结构为 动词 + 名词 + 名词/形容词。
- 例子：
- Many people find their rewards unfair, especially when comparing these salaries with those of top surgeons. （形容词）
- The recent graduates found the job market frustrating because of the economic recession. （形容词）
7. 同位语
- 定义：进一步解释说明前面的名词。
- 例子：
- Social sciences, the sciences that deal with human life, came into being in Europe. （从句）
- Job satisfaction, a very important part of an employee’s sense of well-being, can be promoted in most jobs. （短语）
🚀 （二）基本句子结构
- 主谓
- Time flies. （时间飞逝）
- 主谓宾
- I like music. （我喜欢音乐）
- I want to help him. （我想帮他）
- 主谓宾宾
- I bought Mary a book. （我给Mary买了本书）
- 主谓宾补
- We named our baby Tom. （我们给宝宝取名Tom）
- He painted the wall white. （他把墙刷成白色）
- 主系表
- He is a boy. （他是一个男孩）
- She is beautiful. （她很漂亮）
🌈 （三）从句
1. 定语从句
- 定义：修饰名词或代词的主谓结构，紧跟先行词后。
- 结构：先行词 + 关系词 + 句子。
- 例子：
- They often become easily frightened in situations where people normally would not be afraid. （地点状语）
- 分类：
- 限定性：I met your friend who is staying in Paris. （限定范围）
- 非限定性：I met your mother, who is staying in Paris. （补充信息）
- 关系词：
- 代词：who, whom, whose, which, that
- I have no idea about the man who wrote the article.
- 副词：when, where, why（等于介词+which）
- He came at a time when we needed help. （when = at which）
- 代词：who, whom, whose, which, that
- 翻译：
- 前置：He who has never tasted what is bitter does not know what is sweet. （没吃过苦的人…）
- 后置：I told the story to John, who told it to his brother. （…约翰又告诉了他弟弟）
2. 名词性从句
主语从句
- 定义：作主语的从句。
- 引导词：what, whether, when, where, how, why
- 例子：
- What he told me was only half-truth. （他告诉我的…）
- It doesn’t make much difference whether he attends the meeting or not. （形式主语）
宾语从句
- 定义：作宾语的从句。
- 引导词：
- that：He told us that he felt ill. （that可省略）
- if/whether：I doubt whether he will succeed.
- 连接代词/副词：I wonder what he’s writing to me about.
- 形式宾语：We thought it strange that Xiao Wang did not come.
表语从句
- 定义：作表语的从句。
- 引导词：that, whether, as if, what, how, why
- 例子：
- The trouble is that I have lost his address.
- The question is whether they will be able to help us.
同位语从句
- 定义：解释说明抽象名词（如fact, news, idea）。
- 例子：
- They were worried over the fact that you were sick.
- 与定语从句区别：
- 同位语：that 不作成分，等于“：”；The news that he won is true. （新闻=他赢了）
- 定语：that 作成分；The news that I heard is true. （新闻≠我听到的）
3. 状语从句
- 时间：when, while, as
- While she spoke, the tears were running down.
- 地点：where, everywhere
- He lives where the climate is mild.
- 原因：because, since, in that
- The crops failed because the season was dry.
- 条件：if, in case
- It was better in case they were captured.
- 让步：no matter what, while
- No matter what I say, he always thinks I’m wrong.
- 目的：so that, lest
- We should start early so that we might get there before noon.
- 结果：so that, such that
- He made a wrong decision, so that half of his lifetime was wasted.
💡 练习题
- He found ___ difficult to finish the task.
- A. it B. that C. this D. these
- 答案：A （形式宾语）
- The book __ I borrowed is lost.
- A. who B. that C. when D. why
- 答案：B （定语从句）
- I don’t know ___ he will come.
- A. that B. what C. whether D. which
- 答案：C （宾语从句）
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